Testicular Cancer

CancerGuru Types of Cancer Testicular

Overview

Testicular cancer is the most common type found in men between 15 and 35. One of the first signs is usually a painless lump in the testicle. When it’s found and treated early, the chances of a full recovery are very high.

What is Testicular Cancer?

Testicular cancer starts in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. These glands sit in the scrotum and make both sperm and testosterone. Cancer usually begins when certain cells start growing in a way they shouldn't. Most cases affect just one testicle, and it often shows up as a painless lump or swelling.

It’s more common in younger men, especially those between 15 and 35. Some people also feel heaviness in the scrotum or notice a change in the way their testicle feels. The good news is that testicular cancer is highly treatable when it’s found early. Paying attention to changes and speaking up if something feels wrong can help.

Types of Testicular Cancer

Around 90 percent of testicular cancers begin in germ cells. These are the cells inside the testicles that eventually turn into sperm. When they stop working the way they should, they bunch up and form a lump or tumor.

Seminoma:
This type of cancer grows slowly and usually shows up in people in their 40s or 50s. It tends to stay in one area longer and often responds well to treatment.
Non-Seminoma:
Non-Seminoma grows faster than seminoma and is more common in younger people, mostly in their late teens through early thirties. There are four types, based on the kind of germ cell they come from. These include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac carcinoma, choriocarcinoma and teratoma. Some tumors may have more than one type in them.

Risk Factors

Some things might make testicular cancer more likely, but that doesn’t mean they cause it. These are just possible risks that can increase the chance of getting it.

Age:
Most cases happen to people between 15 and 35 years old.
Undescended Testicle:
Before birth, testicles usually move from the belly down into the scrotum. If one or both don’t drop, this is called an undescended testicle. Even if surgery fixes it, the risk may still be higher.
Race and Ethnicity:
It’s seen more often in non-Hispanic white people in places like the United States and parts of Europe.
Family or Personal History:
If a close family member has had testicular cancer, your chances might go up. Having it once also means you’re more likely to get it again in the other testicle. Some genetic conditions, like Klinefelter Syndrome, may also play a part.
Infertility:
Some of the same things that affect fertility in men could also be linked to testicular cancer. Experts are still studying how strong that link is.

Symptoms

The most common early sign is a lump in the testicle that doesn’t hurt. But there are other signs to look out for too. Other symptoms may include:

Swelling or a sudden build-up of fluid in the scrotum
A lump or swelling in either testicle
A heavy feeling in the scrotum

A dull ache in the lower belly or groin
Pain or discomfort in one testicle or the scrotum
One testicle that starts to shrink

Causes

Testicular cancer starts when certain cells grow faster than they should and form a lump or tumor. Experts still don’t know exactly why this happens. What they do know is that cancer usually begins in germ cells, which are the ones that turn into sperm.

Diagnosis

You might notice a lump, swelling, or other signs of testicular cancer on your own. A healthcare provider might also find them during a physical exam. To find out if testicular cancer is the cause, other tests are usually needed. Here are some of the tests used to diagnose testicular cancer:

Ultrasound

This test uses sound waves to create images of the scrotum and testicles. During the test, you lie on your back with your legs apart. A clear gel is applied to the scrotum, and a small device called a probe is moved over it to capture images.

Blood Tests

Some blood tests look for proteins that can be made by testicular cancer cells. These are called tumor markers. Common tumor markers include beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Having these in your blood doesn’t always mean cancer, but higher-than-usual levels can give your care team helpful clues.

Surgery to Remove a Testicle

If your provider suspects a lump might be cancerous, you may need surgery to remove the testicle. The removed testicle is sent to a lab, where it’s checked to see if it contains cancer cells.

Treatments

Treatment for testicular cancer typically involves surgery and chemotherapy. The best options for you depend on the type and stage of your cancer, as well as your overall health and personal preferences, which your healthcare team will take into account.

Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for testicular cancer, often the first step. The main procedure, called a radical inguinal orchiectomy, removes the affected testicle through an incision in the groin. In some cases, this may be the only treatment needed, especially if the cancer hasn't spread. If doctors suspect the cancer has moved beyond the testicle, they may also remove nearby lymph nodes through abdominal surgery. Risks include bleeding, infection, and potential nerve damage, which can affect ejaculation but usually not erections.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. It's often used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer, but in advanced cases, it may come first. The type of drugs used can affect the side effects, which might include tiredness, hearing loss, and a higher risk of infection. Chemotherapy can also stop sperm production, sometimes temporarily, but in some cases, the loss may be permanent. It's a good idea to discuss sperm banking with your care team before starting treatment.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses targeted beams of energy to destroy cancer cells and is mainly used for seminoma-type testicular cancer, often after surgery. The treatment is painless, with a machine delivering precise beams to specific areas of the body. It’s not typically used for Non seminoma cancers. Common side effects include fatigue and nausea. Radiation may also temporarily lower sperm counts, so it’s worth asking about options to preserve fertility ahead of time.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses medicine to help your immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Cancer can sometimes avoid detection by the immune system, but this treatment helps uncover and destroy those hidden cells. It's a newer approach that may be considered when other treatments aren’t working or in special cases, depending on the cancer’s behavior and your overall health.

Side Effects of Treatment

When undergoing treatment for testicular cancer, it's common to experience a range of side effects. These can vary depending on the type of treatment you're receiving, like surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. While these side effects may feel challenging, it's important to remember that they are often temporary and can be managed with the right care.

Fatigue Is Common: Feeling tired all the time is something many people go through during and after treatment. Cancer treatments can drain your energy, leaving you feeling like you need a nap or more sleep. It’s important to listen to your body and rest when you need it. The good news is it usually gets better over time.
Hair Loss: Some treatments for testicular cancer, like chemotherapy, can cause hair loss. This can be tough, especially if you're used to having a full head of hair. The good news is that hair usually grows back after treatment ends. It may even come back a little differently, but it typically grows back over a few months.
Nausea and Vomiting: Chemotherapy can make you feel sick to your stomach. You might throw up or just feel nauseous, which can make it hard to eat or drink. Doctors can help with medicine to reduce this feeling. Some people also find that eating smaller meals or drinking ginger tea helps ease the discomfort.
Increased Risk of Infection: Chemotherapy and other treatments can lower your body's ability to fight infections. This means you may be more prone to getting sick. To protect yourself, it's important to wash your hands often, stay away from people who are sick, and let your doctor know if you start feeling unwell.
Changes in Sexual Function: Testicular cancer treatment can sometimes affect your ability to get or keep an erection or reduce your desire for sex. Some treatments, especially radiation or surgery, can impact your testosterone levels or fertility. If you have concerns about sexual health, your doctor can guide you on ways to manage this.
Lymphedema (Swelling): In some cases, lymph nodes are removed during surgery, which can lead to swelling in the legs or other parts of the body. This condition is called lymphedema. It can be managed through exercises, compression garments, or physical therapy.
Difficulty with Memory and Focus: Many cancer patients notice changes in their memory or ability to focus during treatment. This is often called “chemo brain.” You might forget things or have trouble concentrating. It's a temporary side effect, but it can be frustrating. Keeping a to-do list and staying organized can help.
Mood Changes: Going through treatment can bring out a lot of emotions. You might feel anxious, sad, or depressed at times. It's okay to feel this way, but if these feelings last, it’s a good idea to talk to a counselor or a support group. Having someone to talk to can make a big difference.
Fertility Issues: Some treatments can affect your ability to father children. If you’re concerned about your fertility, talk to your doctor before starting treatment. In some cases, sperm banking is an option so you can preserve your fertility for the future.
Skin Changes: Chemotherapy can cause your skin to become more sensitive or dry. You might notice that it’s harder to heal from cuts or burns. It's a good idea to use gentle skin care products and to avoid sun exposure. Your skin should improve once the treatment ends.
Pain: Some treatments can cause pain, whether it's from surgery, radiation, or other methods. If you're experiencing pain, make sure to talk to your doctor so they can help manage it. There are medications and therapies available to help reduce discomfort.
Weight Changes: Changes in your appetite, whether it’s from feeling sick or gaining more weight due to steroids, can cause you to lose or gain weight. It's helpful to keep track of what you’re eating and drink plenty of fluids to stay healthy. Your doctor may be able to offer suggestions for healthy eating.

Support

Dealing with testicular cancer can feel like a lot, but you don’t have to go through it alone. Support comes in many forms—friends, family, doctors, support groups, and even small everyday moments. Here's a look at the different ways you can find the help you need while going through treatment and beyond.

Talking to Family and Friends Helps

One of the best things you can do is stay connected to the people who care about you. Talking to family and friends can help you feel less alone. It’s okay to be honest about what you’re going through. Most of the time, people just want to be there for you, they may not always know what to say but just being there can mean a lot.

Support Groups Make a Difference

Joining a support group can be a big help. It gives you the chance to talk with others who’ve been through something similar. You can share your experience or just listen. Either way, it helps to know you’re not the only one feeling this way. Some groups meet in person, while others chat online, which can be just as helpful.

Mental Health Matters

It’s normal to feel overwhelmed or even down at times. Talking to a counselor or therapist can help you work through those feelings. You don’t need to figure it all out on your own. Getting support for your mental health is just as important as taking care of your body.

Help from Doctors and Nurses

Your medical team isn’t just there for tests and treatment. They can answer your questions, explain things in simple terms, and connect you with other helpful services. If something’s bothering you or you’re unsure about what’s happening, speak up. They want to help and make sure you feel supported through it all.

Financial and Work Support

Cancer treatment can bring some money worries. If you're struggling to keep up with bills or worried about taking time off work, talk to someone at the hospital. Many places have social workers or patient support staff who can help you find ways to manage costs or talk to your employer about time off.

Online Communities Can Help Too

If you're not ready to talk face-to-face, online forums and communities can be a good place to start. You can read other people's stories, ask questions, or share your thoughts when you're ready. Being part of an online group can give you a safe space to talk without pressure.

Don’t Be Afraid to Ask for Help

Sometimes it's hard to speak up or ask for help, but it’s okay to need support. Whether you need a ride to the doctor, someone to talk to, or help with everyday tasks, don’t feel bad about reaching out. People often want to help—they just need to know how.

Small Things Make a Big Difference

Even little things like a message from a friend or a walk outside can lift your mood. Support doesn’t always have to be big or formal. It can come from a neighbor checking in, your pet keeping you company, or just having someone sit with you while you rest. These small moments matter.

Research

Research on testicular cancer keeps moving forward. Scientists and doctors are always looking for better ways to find it early, treat it more gently, and understand why it happens. Here’s a look at what they’re working on and how it might help.

What Scientists Are Looking Into

Researchers are working on ways to catch testicular cancer earlier and treat it better. They’re testing new tools that could help find tumors with more accuracy. Some are also checking if certain blood tests could spot cancer before it spreads. These ideas take time to test, but they offer hope for better care in the future.

Better Treatments Are in the Works

Doctors and scientists are looking at new treatments that could work with fewer side effects. Some studies are trying to make chemo easier on the body, while others are testing newer drugs that go straight after cancer cells. The aim is to treat cancer while helping people feel stronger during recovery.

Looking Into What Causes It

There's also work being done to figure out why testicular cancer happens in the first place. Some researchers are looking at genes to see if there’s a link passed down in families. Others are checking if things in our environment might play a role. Learning what causes it might help stop it from happening in the first place.

Tracking Long-Term Health

Survivors of testicular cancer often do well, but researchers are still checking how treatment affects people years later. They’re asking questions like how chemo might affect the heart or fertility over time. This helps doctors plan better follow-up care and gives people a clearer idea of what to watch for down the road.

Getting Patients Involved

Some research depends on people who are open to joining clinical trials. These are studies that test new treatments or ways of care. When someone joins a trial, they help doctors learn what works and what doesn’t. It’s always a choice, but being part of one could help others in the future too.

Sharing What They Learn

Once a study is done, researchers share what they found with other doctors around the world. This way, what they learn in one place can help people everywhere. Even small discoveries can lead to changes in how testicular cancer is treated.

The Work Keeps Going

Research doesn’t stop after a few wins. There’s always more to learn, and new questions come up all the time. The more they keep asking and testing, the better the care gets for anyone facing testicular cancer in the years ahead.

Prevention

You can’t stop testicular cancer from happening, but doing regular self-checks can help you spot changes early. If you notice a lump, something feels harder than usual, or one testicle looks bigger or smaller, it’s a good idea to tell your doctor. Most doctors suggest doing a testicular self-exam once a month.

Questions to Ask your Healthcare Provider about Testicular Cancer

When you’re told you might have testicular cancer, your mind fills with questions. It’s normal to feel overwhelmed, and asking the right questions can help you feel more in control. Here’s a list you can take with you to your doctor’s visit. It can guide the conversation and help you understand what’s ahead.

Q1. Do I have testicular cancer?
Q2. What type of testicular cancer do I have?
Q3. Can you explain my pathology report to me?
Q4. What is the stage of my testicular cancer?
Q5. Will I need any additional tests?
Q6. What are my treatment options?
Q7. What are the chances that treatment will cure my testicular cancer?
Q8. What are the side effects and risks of each treatment option?

Questions to Ask Your Healthcare Provider about Testicular Cancer Image