Terminology & Terms

CancerGuru Terminology & Terms

Adenocarcinoma (AD-uh-noh-kar-sih-NOH-muh)

A common cancer starts in glandular cells that produce fluids like mucus or hormones. It often appears in organs such as the lungs, breast, prostate, or colon. Adenocarcinomas can grow slowly or quickly depending on the site and may spread to nearby tissues or distant organs if untreated. Doctors diagnose it through biopsies and imaging, and treatments include surgery, chemo, or radiation based on its stage and location.

Adenoma (AD-uh-NOH-muh)

A benign tumor that develops in glandular tissue. Adenomas usually grow slowly, don't invade nearby tissue, and may not cause symptoms. However, they can grow large and become cancerous if left untreated. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, and doctors may recommend monitoring to ensure it doesn't become malignant over time.

Adjuvant Therapy (AD-joo-vnt THAYR-uh-pee)

Any additional cancer treatment given after primary therapy (surgery, radiation, or chemo) to lower the risk of cancer recurrence. Adjuvant therapy can reduce the risk of cancer relapse, improve survival, and treat any remaining cancer cells. Types of adjuvant therapies include chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy.

Adrenal Gland (AD-ruh-nul GLAND)

Two small glands located on top of the kidneys that produce hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenal glands help regulate many bodily functions, such as blood pressure, heart rate, and stress response. In rare cases, cancer can develop in the adrenal glands, and tumor removal may be necessary.

Adrenaline (AD-ruh-nul-een)

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps the body respond to stress, excitement, or fear. Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine. It increases heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, and is used as a medication to treat anaphylaxis and heart failure.

Astrocytoma (AS-troh-sy-TOH-muh)

A brain or spinal cord cancer arising from star-shaped glial cells called astrocytes, which support nerve cells. It ranges from slow growing (low-grade) to aggressive (high-grade, like glioblastoma). Symptoms include headaches, seizures, or memory issues, and treatment might involve surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy, though complete removal is tough due to its brain location.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BAY-sul sel kar-sih-NOH-muh)

The most common skin cancer, starting in basal cells at the skin’s base, often due to sun exposure. It grows slowly, rarely spreads, and appears as a pearly bump or sore. Treatment is usually surgery or topical drugs, with a high cure rate if caught early, though it can recur if not fully removed.

Bladder Cancer (BLAD-er KAN-ser)

Cancer in the bladder, the organ holding urine, often linked to smoking or chemical exposure. It typically starts in the inner lining (transitional cells) and may cause blood in urine or pain. Early stages are treated with surgery or immunotherapy; advanced cases need chemo or bladder removal, with regular checkups to catch recurrence.

Breast Cancer (brest KAN-ser)

A cancer in breast tissue, mostly in women but also men, often starting in milk ducts or lobules. Risk factors include genetics (BRCA genes), hormones, or age. Symptoms like lumps or nipple changes lead to mammograms for diagnosis. Treatments range from surgery (lumpectomy, mastectomy) to chemo, radiation, or hormone therapy, depending on stage.

Carcinoid Tumor (KAR-sih-noyd TOO-mer)

A rare, slow-growing cancer from neuroendocrine cells, often in the gut or lungs. It can release hormones causing flushing or diarrhea (carcinoid syndrome). Surgery removes small tumors; advanced cases use drugs to control symptoms or growth, as it’s less aggressive than other cancers but can spread to the liver.

Cervical Cancer (SUR-vih-kul KAN-ser)

Cancer of the cervix, the uterus’s lower part, often caused by HPV (human papillomavirus). Early stages have no symptoms; later, bleeding or pain occurs. Screening with Pap smears catches it early, and treatments like surgery, radiation, or chemo work well, especially with HPV vaccines reducing risk.

Cholangiocarcinoma (koh-LAN-jee-oh-kar-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer of the bile ducts, tubes carrying bile from the liver to the intestine. It’s rare, linked to liver disease or parasites, and causes jaundice or abdominal pain. Surgery is the main treatment if it hasn’t spread; otherwise, chemo or stents ease symptoms, though prognosis is often poor due to late detection.

Cholangiocarcinoma

Chondrosarcoma (KON-droh-sar-KOH-muh)

A cancer of cartilage cells, typically in bones like the pelvis, femur, or shoulder. It grows slowly in older adults and may cause pain or swelling. Surgery removes it, as it resists chemo and radiation, with outcomes depending on size and whether it’s fully excised; metastasis is rare but possible.

Chondrosarcoma

Colorectal Cancer (KOH-loh-REK-tul KAN-ser)

Cancer of the colon or rectum, often from polyps turning cancerous over time. Risk factors include diet, age, or family history. Symptoms like blood in stool or weight loss prompt colonoscopies. Treatment includes surgery, chemo, or radiation, with early detection via screening improving survival significantly.

Colorectal Cancer

Endometrial Cancer (EN-doh-MEE-tree-ul KAN-ser) Cancer

Cancer of the uterus lining, common in postmenopausal women, tied to excess estrogen. Bleeding after menopause is a key sign, diagnosed by biopsy. Surgery (hysterectomy) is standard; radiation or chemo helps advanced cases. Early stages have a good prognosis with proper care.

Endometrial Cancer

Esophageal Cancer (ih-SOF-uh-GEE-ul KAN-ser)

Cancer in the esophagus, the throat-to-stomach tube, linked to smoking, alcohol, or acid reflux. Difficulty swallowing or chest pain are signs. Treatments like surgery, radiation, or chemo depend on stage; it’s hard to catch early, so outcomes vary widely, with stenting used to ease swallowing in late stages.

Ewing Sarcoma (YOO-ing sar-KOH-muh)

A rare bone or soft tissue cancer, mostly in kids and teens, often in the legs or pelvis. It causes pain or swelling, diagnosed by imaging and biopsy. Chemo shrinks it, followed by surgery or radiation; survival improves with early, aggressive treatment, though it can spread to lungs.

Ewing Sarcoma

Gallbladder Cancer (GAWL-blad-er KAN-ser)

Rare cancer in the gallbladder, often found late due to vague symptoms like pain or jaundice. Risk factors include gallstones or obesity. Surgery works if localized; chemo or radiation helps advanced cases, but prognosis is poor since it’s usually discovered after spreading to the liver.

Gallbladder Cancer

Gastric Cancer (GAS-trik KAN-ser)

Stomach cancer, often from H. pylori infection or diet (smoked foods). Symptoms like heartburn or bloating mimic ulcers, delaying diagnosis. Surgery removes part or all of the stomach; chemo or radiation aids later stages, with screening in high-risk areas improving early detection.

Gastric Cancer

Osteosarcoma (OS-tee-oh-sar-KOH-muh)

Bone cancer in teens, often near the knees or shoulders, causes pain or fractures. Chemo shrinks it, then surgery removes it; limb-sparing techniques preserve function. It can spread to the lungs, so early, aggressive treatment boosts survival, with rehab helping mobility.

Ovarian Cancer (OH-vair-ee-un KAN-ser)

Cancer in the ovaries, often silent until advanced, with bloating or pain as late signs. Surgery (removing ovaries, uterus) and chemo treat it; BRCA mutations raise risk. It’s hard to catch early, so survival depends on the stage, with research improving targeted options.

Pancreatic Cancer (PAN-kree-AT-ik KAN-ser)

Cancer in the pancreas, often deadly due to late detection, is linked to smoking or diabetes. Jaundice or weight loss signals it. Surgery (Whipple procedure) is rare; chemo or radiation eases symptoms, with new drugs offering hope despite poor overall prognosis.

Penile Cancer (PEE-nile KAN-ser)

A rare cancer of the penis, often squamous cell, tied to HPV or poor hygiene. Sores or lumps appear. Surgery (partial penectomy) cures early cases; radiation or chemo helps later stages, with circumcision reducing risk in uncircumcised men.

Pituitary Tumor (pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee TOO-mer)

Usually, benign growths in the pituitary gland, but some are cancerous, affecting hormones. Headaches or vision loss occur. Surgery through the nose removes them; radiation or drugs control hormone effects, with malignant cases rare but needing aggressive care.

Prostate Cancer (PROS-tayt KAN-ser)

Cancer in the prostate gland, common in older men, is often slow growing. PSA tests or urinary issues detect it. Options include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation, or hormone therapy; early stages are curable, with advanced cases managed long-term.

Rectal Cancer (REK-tul KAN-ser)

Cancer in the rectum, the colon’s end, often with colorectal cancer traits. Blood in stool or pain signal it. Surgery, chemo, or radiation treat it; colostomy bags may follow, with screening (colonoscopy) catching it early for better outcomes.

Renal Cell Carcinoma (REE-nul sel kar-sih-NOH-muh)

The main kidney cancer, starting in tubule linings, is linked to smoking or genetics. Blood in urine or flank pain are signs. Surgery (nephrectomy) cures early cases; targeted drugs or immunotherapy help advanced ones, with survival good if localized.

Retinoblastoma (RET-in-oh-blas-TOH-muh)

A rare eye cancer in young kids, from retinal cells, often genetic. A white pupil glow signals it. Surgery (eye removal) or radiation treatment; early detection saves vision in one eye, with genetic counseling for families due to hereditary risk.

Sarcoma (sar-KOH-muh)

Cancer of connective tissues (bones, muscles, fat) is rare but diverse. Lumps or pain appear. Surgery is key; chemo or radiation help some types (e.g., Ewing). Prognosis varies by subtype and spread, with specialized care improving limb preservation.

Skin Cancer (skin KAN-ser)

Cancer on the skin, including basal cells, squamous cells, or melanoma, from UV rays. Spots or sores prompt checks. Surgery or topical treatments cure most; melanoma needs immunotherapy if advanced, with sun protection preventing recurrence.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (smawl sel lung KAN-ser)

An aggressive lung cancer, tied to smoking, spreading fast to lymph or brain. Cough or fatigue signal it. Chemo and radiation are mainstays; surgery is rare, with survival low due to early metastasis, though early cases respond briefly.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SKWAY-mus sel kar-sih-NOH-muh)

Cancer of flat cells lining skin or organs (e.g., lungs, throat), from sun or smoking. Scaly patches or sores appear. Surgery or radiation cure early cases; chemo helps advanced ones, with prevention via sunscreen or quitting smoking.

Testicular Cancer (tes-TIK-yoo-ler KAN-ser)

Cancer in the testicles, common in young men, often germ cell tumors. Lumps or swelling signal it. Surgery (orchiectomy) cures most; chemo or radiation handle spread, with high survival rates even in advanced cases due to effective treatments.

Thymoma (thy-MOH-muh)

Cancer of the thymus gland in the chest, rare and often slow growing. Chest pain or cough occur. Surgery removes it; radiation or chemo help if invasive, with links to autoimmune diseases like myasthenia gravis complicating care.

Thyroid Cancer (THY-royd KAN-ser)

Cancer in the thyroid gland, affecting metabolism, often in women. Neck lumps or swallowing issues signal it. Surgery (thyroidectomy) and radioactive iodine treat it; most types (papillary) have excellent outcomes, with hormone replacement post-surgery.

Uterine Sarcoma (YOO-ter-in sar-KOH-muh)

Rare cancer of the uterus’s muscle or tissue, unlike endometrial cancer. Bleeding or pelvic pain occur. Surgery (hysterectomy) is primary; chemo or radiation aid advanced cases, with prognosis poorer than endometrial due to aggressiveness.

Vulvar Cancer (VUL-ver KAN-ser)

Cancer of the vulva, external female genitals, often HPV-related. Itching or lumps appear. Surgery (vulvectomy) treats early cases; radiation or chemo help later stages, with early detection key to avoiding extensive tissue removal.

Cancer Treatment Terms Ablation (ab-LAY-shun)

A technique to destroy tumors using heat (radiofrequency), cold (cryoablation), or other energy sources, often guided by imaging. It’s less invasive than surgery, used for small liver, kidney, or lung cancers when cutting isn’t an option, offering quick recovery but requiring precision to avoid healthy tissue damage.

Adjuvant Therapy (AD-joo-vunt THER-uh-pee)

Extra treatment (chemo, radiation, or drugs) given after primary surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells and lower recurrence risk. For example, in breast cancer, mastectomy follows to target microscopic spread, boosting long-term survival, though side effects like fatigue may occur.

Androgen Deprivation Therapy (AN-droh-jen deh-prih-VAY-shun THER-uh-pee)

Treatment to lower male hormones (androgens) that fuel prostate cancer growth, using drugs or surgery (orchiectomy). It slows tumor progression in advanced cases, often combined with radiation, but can cause hot flashes or bone loss, managed with supportive care.

Angiogenesis Inhibitor (AN-jee-oh-JEN-uh-sis in-HIB-ih-ter)

Drugs (e.g., bevacizumab) that block blood vessel growth to tumors, starving them of nutrients. Used in cancers like colorectal or kidney, it’s less toxic than chemo but can raise blood pressure or bleeding risks, requiring monitoring during treatment cycles.

Biopsy (BY-op-see)

A procedure to remove tissue or cells for microscope examination to confirm cancer. Types include needle, surgical, or endoscopic biopsies, critical for diagnosis (e.g., breast lumps). It’s usually quick, with minimal risks like bleeding, guiding treatment by revealing cancer type and grade.

Bone Marrow Transplant (bohn MAIR-oh TRANZ-plant)

Replacing diseased marrow with healthy stem cells, used in leukemia or lymphoma after high-dose chemo kills cancer and marrow. Donor or patient cells rebuild blood production; it’s risky (infection, rejection) but can cure when other treatments fail, needing months of recovery.

Brachytherapy (BRAK-ee-THER-uh-pee)

Internal radiation where radioactive seeds or wires are placed in or near a tumor (e.g., prostate, cervical cancer). It delivers high doses locally, sparing healthy tissue, with fewer sessions than external radiation, though temporary side effects like soreness may occur at site.

Chemoprevention (KEE-moh-pree-VEN-shun)

Using drugs or supplements (e.g., tamoxifen) to lower cancer risk in high-risk people, like those with BRCA mutations. It’s not a cure but reduces odds (e.g., breast cancer by 50%), with side effects like hot flashes weighed against benefits in long-term use.

Chemotherapy (KEE-moh-THER-uh-pee)

Drugs that kill fast-growing cancer cells, given by IV or pill, used for many cancers (e.g., lung, leukemia). It targets the whole body, shrinking tumors or stopping spread, but hits healthy cells too, causing nausea, hair loss, or fatigue, managed with supportive meds.

Cryotherapy (KRY-oh-THER-uh-pee)

Freezing cancer cells with liquid nitrogen, often for skin, prostate, or liver tumors. A probe or applicator destroys abnormal tissue, offering a less invasive option than surgery. It’s quick, with swelling or pain as short-term effects, effective for small, localized cancers.

Debulking (dee-BUHL-king)

Surgery to remove as many tumors as possible when full removal isn’t feasible (e.g., ovarian cancer). It reduces cancer burden, making chemo or radiation more effective, though risks like bleeding depend on tumor location, with recovery tied to remaining disease.

Embolization (EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun)

Blocking blood vessels feeding a tumor (e.g., liver cancer) with particles or gels, often via catheter. It starves the tumor, shrinking it, sometimes combined with chemo (chemoembolization). Risks include pain or infection, but it’s a key option when surgery isn’t possible.

Endoscopy (en-DOS-kuh-pee)

Using a thin, lighted tube to see inside organs (e.g., colon, stomach) and take samples or remove small tumors. It’s vital for early detection (colonoscopy for colorectal cancer), minimally invasive, with mild discomfort or rare perforation risks, aiding diagnosis and treatment planning.

External Beam Radiation (eks-TER-nul beem RAY-dee-AY-shun)

High-energy rays from a machine target tumor (e.g., breast, lung), given over weeks. It kills cancer cells precisely, sparing some healthy tissue, but causes skin irritation or fatigue. Setup with imaging ensures accuracy, with rest and creams easing side effects.

Gene Therapy (jeen THER-uh-pee)

Experimental treatment altering genes to fight cancer, like boosting immune cells (CAR T-cell therapy). It’s used in trials for leukemia or melanoma, aiming to correct mutations or enhance defenses, with risks like immune overreaction still under study for wider use.

Hormone Therapy (HOR-mohn THER-uh-pee)

Drugs or surgery to block hormones feeding cancers (e.g., estrogen in breast, testosterone in prostate). It slows growth, often used long-term, with side effects like menopause symptoms or libido loss managed by adjusting doses or adding supportive care.

Hyperthermia (HY-per-THER-mee-uh)

Heating tumors (via microwaves or ultrasound) to 106–113°F to kill cells or boost radiation/chemo effects. Used in cervical or sarcoma cases, it’s localized, with sweating or burns as risks, enhancing other treatments when cancer resists standard approaches.

Image-Guided Surgery (IM-ij GY-ded SUR-juh-ree)

Surgery using real-time scans (CT, MRI) to pinpoint tumors (e.g., brain, liver), improving precision. It reduces damage to healthy tissue, shortening recovery, though equipment costs limit use; it’s ideal for complex areas needing exact tumor removal.

Immunotherapy (IM-yoo-noh-THER-uh-pee)

Boosting the immune system with drugs (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors like nivolumab) to attack cancer (melanoma, lung). It’s less toxic than chemo, with flu-like symptoms or rashes as side effects, offering durable responses in some, though not all cancers respond.

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) (in-TEN-sih-tee MOD-yoo-lay-ted RAY-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee)

Advanced radiation shaping beams to match tumor contours (e.g., prostate, head-neck), sparing healthy tissue. It uses computer planning for precision, reducing side effects like dry mouth, though setup time and cost are higher than standard radiation.

Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT) (IN-truh-OP-er-uh-tiv RAY-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee)

Radiation given during surgery (e.g., breast cancer) directly to the tumor bed. It targets residual cells in one dose, shortening treatment time, with less skin damage but risks like wound healing delays, used when external radiation isn’t ideal.

Laparoscopy (lap-uh-ROS-kuh-pee)

Minimally invasive surgery with small cuts and a camera to remove tumors (e.g., colon, ovary). It cuts recovery time versus open surgery, with less pain or scarring, though rare risks like bleeding need skilled hands for success in cancer cases.

Laser Therapy (LAY-zer THER-uh-pee)

Using focused light to cut or burn small tumors (e.g., skin, larynx), often outpatient. It’s precise, with minimal bleeding, good for early cancers or symptom relief (e.g., airway blockages), though burns or eye risks require protective measures during use.

Lumpectomy (lump-EK-tuh-mee)

Breast-conserving surgery removing a tumor and some surrounding tissue, common in early breast cancer. It preserves appearance, followed by radiation, with risks like infection or shape changes manageable; it’s less drastic than mastectomy for suitable cases.

Mastectomy (mas-TEK-tuh-mee)

Surgery removing one or both breasts, used for breast cancer treatment or prevention (e.g., BRCA carriers). Variants (radical, simple) depend on spread; recovery involves drains and rehab, with reconstruction optional, balancing cancer control and emotional impact.

Mohs Surgery (moze SUR-juh-ree)

Layer-by-layer removal of skin cancer (basal, squamous), checking margins under a microscope during the procedure. It spares healthy skin, ideal for face or recurring tumors, with high cure rates, though it’s time-intensive and leaves scars needing cosmetic care.

Neoadjuvant Therapy (NEE-oh-AD-joo-vunt THER-uh-pee)

Chemo, radiation, or drugs given before surgery to shrink tumors (e.g., breast, rectal), making removal easier. It tests cancer response, improving outcomes, with side effects like nausea managed pre-surgery, setting the stage for less invasive operations.

Oncolytic Virus Therapy (ON-koh-LIT-ik VY-rus THER-uh-pee)

Using viruses engineered to infect and kill cancer cells (e.g., melanoma), sparing normal ones. It’s experimental, boosting immunity too, with mild flu-like effects, showing promise in trials as a novel way to target resistant tumors.

Palliative Surgery (PAL-ee-uh-tiv SUR-juh-ree)

Surgery to relieve symptoms (e.g., removing blockages in advanced cancer), not cure. It improves quality of life—like easing breathing or pain—with risks tied to patient frailty, focusing on comfort when cancer is too widespread for cure.

Photodynamic Therapy (FOH-toh-dy-NAM-ik THER-uh-pee)

A drug activated by light kills cancer cells (e.g., skin, esophagus) after IV or topical use. It’s precise, with sunburn-like side effects, good for superficial tumors, though light sensitivity lasts weeks, needing sun avoidance post-treatment.

Proton Therapy (PROH-ton THER-uh-pee)

Radiation using protons, not X-rays, for precise targeting (e.g., brain, pediatric cancers). It cuts damage to nearby organs, reducing long-term risks like second cancers, though high cost and limited centers restrict access, with fatigue as a common side effect.

Radiation Therapy (RAY-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee)

High-energy rays kill cancer cells (e.g., lung, prostate), delivered externally or internally. It’s planned with imaging for accuracy, shrinking tumors or easing pain, with skin redness or tiredness common, managed by rest and topical care over weeks.

Radiofrequency Ablation (RAY-dee-oh-FREE-kwen-see ab-LAY-shun)

Heat from radio waves via a needle destroys tumors (e.g., liver, kidney), guided by ultrasound. It’s minimally invasive, outpatient-friendly, with pain or fever possible, effective for small tumors when surgery risks are too high.

Radiosurgery (RAY-dee-oh-SUR-juh-ree)

Focused radiation (e.g., Gamma Knife) in one dose treats brain or spine tumors, not true surgery. It’s non-invasive, precise, with headaches or swelling as risks, ideal for inoperable spots, shrinking tumors without cutting, often done in a day.

Reconstruction (ree-kun-STRUK-shun)

Surgery to rebuild areas after cancer removal (e.g., breast, jaw), using implants or tissue flaps. It restores function or looks, with recovery spanning weeks, balancing cosmetic goals and risks like infection, often planned post-mastectomy or head-neck surgery.

Resection (ree-SEK-shun)

Surgery cutting out part or all of an organ with cancer (e.g., lung lobe, colon segment). It aims to remove all diseases, with risks like bleeding tied to location, critical for cure in early stages, followed by rehab for function.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy (SEN-tih-nul limf nohd BY-op-see)

Removing the first lymph node cancer might spread to (e.g., breast, melanoma) to check for metastasis. It’s less invasive than full node removal, with swelling risks, guiding whether more nodes need surgery or if cancers are contained.

Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) (STAIR-ee-oh-TAK-tik BOD-ee RAY-dee-AY-shun THER-uh-pee)

High-dose radiation in a few sessions targets small tumors (e.g., lung, liver), using 3D imaging. It’s precise, sparing healthy tissue, with fatigue or soreness possible, good for patients unfit for surgery, shrinking tumors fast.

Stem Cell Transplant (stem sel TRANZ-plant)

Replacing marrow with healthy stem cells (from donor or patient) after chemo/radiation for blood cancers. It rebuilds blood production, with risks like graft-versus-host disease, offering cure potential in leukemia or lymphoma, needing isolation during recovery.

Surgery (SUR-juh-ree)

Physically removing tumors or affected organs (e.g., mastectomy, prostatectomy), the oldest cancer treatment. It’s curative if cancer’s localized, with risks like infection or anesthesia issues, tailored by site and stage, often followed by other therapies.

Systemic Therapy (sis-TEM-ik THER-uh-pee)

Drugs (chemo, immunotherapy) reaching cancer via bloodstream, treating widespread disease (e.g., metastatic breast). It hits multiple sites, with side effects like nausea or immune reactions, key for cancers surgery can’t reach, adjusted for patient tolerance.

Targeted Therapy (TAR-get-id THER-uh-pee)

Drugs hitting specific cancer cell features (e.g., HER2 in breast, EGFR in lung), sparing normal cells. It’s personalized via genetic testing, with rashes or liver issues as risks, shrinking tumors effectively when mutations match the drug’s target.

Thermal Ablation (THER-mul ab-LAY-shun)

Using heat (microwave, radiofrequency) to burn tumors (e.g., liver, lung), is less invasive than surgery. It’s guided by imaging, with quick recovery, though pain or organ damage risks exist, good for small tumors in frail patients.

Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) (tranz-ar-TEER-ee-ul KEE-moh-em-boh-lih-ZAY-shun)

Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) (tranz-ar-TEER-ee-ul KEE-moh-em-boh-lih-ZAY-shun) Chemo is delivered to liver tumors via arteries, then blocked to trap it, starving the tumor. It’s for inoperable liver cancer, with nausea or fever possible, extending life by targeting disease locally, often repeated for control.

Transurethral Resection (TUR) (tranz-yoo-REE-thrul ree-SEK-shun)

Removing bladder tumors through the urethra with a scope, avoiding open surgery. It’s for early bladder cancer, with bleeding or infection risks, effective for superficial tumors, followed by immunotherapy to prevent recurrence.

Tumor Lysis Syndrome Management (TOO-mer LY-sis SIN-drohm MAN-ij-munt)

Treating a side effect of chemo where dying cancer cells release toxins, risking kidney damage. Fluids and drugs (allopurinol) prevent it, critical in leukemia or lymphoma, with monitoring ensuring safety during rapid tumor breakdown.

Ultrasound Therapy (UL-truh-sound THER-uh-pee)

High-intensity sound waves heat or destroy tumors (e.g., prostate), non-invasive and experimental. It’s precise, with minimal side effects like discomfort, showing potential in trials for localized cancers resistant to standard treatments.

Vaccination (vak-sih-NAY-shun)

Shots like HPV or hepatitis B vaccines prevent virus-linked cancers (cervical, liver). They’re preventive, not therapeutic, reducing risk over years, with mild soreness at worst, a public health tool cutting cancer rates in vaccinated populations.

Watchful Waiting (WOTCH-ful WAY-ting)

Monitoring slow cancers (e.g., prostate) without immediate treatment, avoiding side effects. Regular tests track growth; it suits older patients or low-risk cases, shifting to active therapy if cancer progresses, balancing quality of life and disease control.

Whipple Procedure (WIP-ul proh-SEE-jer)

Complex surgery for pancreatic cancer, removing pancreas head, duodenum, and more. It’s curative if cancer’s confined, with long recovery and risks like leaks, offering a chance at survival in a disease with few surgical options.

Cancer Anatomy Terms Adrenal Gland (uh-DREE-nul gland)

Small glands above the kidneys make hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Adrenal cancer or neuroblastoma can start here, causing hormone imbalances (e.g., high blood pressure), with surgery or drugs targeting tumors or their effects, key in endocrine cancer care.

Appendix (uh-PEN-diks)

A small tube off the colon, rarely a cancer site (appendiceal carcinoma). Pain or swelling mimic appendicitis, diagnosed after removal (appendectomy). Its role is unclear, but cancer here spreads to the abdomen, needing surgery or chemo for control.

Bile Duct (bile dukt)

Tubes carry bile from liver to intestine; cholangiocarcinoma starts here. Blockage causes jaundice, treated with stents or surgery if cancers localized. Their hidden location delays detection, making them critical in liver-related cancer spread or symptom management.

Bladder (BLAD-er)

A hollow organ storing urine, prone to transitional cell cancer from smoking or chemicals. Blood in urine signals it, with scopes (cystoscopy) checking inside. Surgery or immunotherapy treats it, with its muscular walls aiding early containment if caught soon.

Bone (bohn)

Hard tissue supporting the body, site of osteosarcoma or metastasis (e.g., breast cancer spread). Pain or fractures signal trouble, with X-rays or biopsies diagnosing. Treatments like surgery or radiation target primary or secondary cancers, preserving function when possible.

Bone Marrow (bohn MAIR-oh)

Soft tissue inside bones producing blood cells; leukemia or myeloma start here. Fatigue or infections hint at issues, with marrow tests confirming. Chemo or transplants treat it, as its blood-making role makes it vital in cancer’s systemic effects.

Brain (brayn)

The control center for thought and movement, site of gliomas or metastases. Headaches or seizures signal tumors, with MRI guiding surgery or radiation. Its delicate nature limits treatment, protecting function while targeting cancer in a confined, critical space.

Breast (brest)

Glandular chest tissue producing milk, a common cancer site (ductal, lobular). Lumps or skin changes prompt mammograms, with surgery or drugs treating. Its hormone sensitivity drives therapies like tamoxifen, with dense tissue hiding early tumors in some.

Bronchus (BRON-kus)

Airway tubes to the lungs, where lung cancer (small cell, NSCLC) often begins. Cough or wheezing signal it, with bronchoscopy checking inside. Surgery or radiation target it, as its role in breathing ties it to smoking-related cancers.

Cervix (SUR-viks)

Lower uterus part, prone to HPV-driven cancer. Bleeding or pain appear late; Pap smears catch it early. Surgery or radiation treat it, with its position aiding vaccine prevention, a key focus in women’s cancer screening and care.

Colon (KOH-lun)

Large intestine absorbing water, a major colorectal cancer site from polyps. Blood in stool or cramps signal it, with colonoscopy diagnosing. Surgery removes sections, with its length (5 feet) allowing cancer to grow silently until advanced.

Diaphragm (DY-uh-fram)

The muscle under lungs aiding breathing, rarely cancerous but affected by lung or liver spread. Pain or hiccups hint at involvement, with imaging checking. Surgery or radiation manages secondary tumors, as its motion complicates direct cancer growth.

Duodenum (doo-oh-DEE-num)

The first small intestine part, part of pancreatic cancer surgery (Whipple). Pain or jaundice from nearby tumors prompt checks. Its digestive role ties it to bile and pancreatic cancers, with resection treating local spread in complex cases.

Esophagus (ih-SOF-uh-gus)

Tube from throat to stomach, site of squamous or adenocarcinoma from reflux or smoking. Swallowing pain signals it, with endoscopy diagnosing. Surgery or radiation treats it, with its narrow path making early detection tough in cancer care.

Fallopian Tube (fuh-LOH-pee-un toob)

Tubes from ovaries to uterus, a rare cancer site tied to ovarian cancer origins. Pain or bloating signal advanced spread, with surgery removing them. Their role in egg transport links them to BRCA-related cancers, often removed preventively.

Gallbladder (GAWL-blad-er)

Small sac storing bile, prone to rare cancer often found late. Jaundice or pain from stones hint at it, with ultrasound checking. Surgery cures early cases; its proximity to liver aids spread, complicating treatment in advanced stages.

Hypopharynx (HY-poh-FAIR-inks)

Lower throat near larynx, part of head-neck cancers from smoking. Swallowing issues or lumps signal it, with scopes diagnosing. Radiation or surgery treat it, with its speech and eating roles needing rehab post-therapy.

Kidney (KID-nee)

\Organ's filtering blood to urine, site of renal cell carcinoma. Blood in urine or flank pain prompt scans, with surgery (nephrectomy) curing early cases. Their paired nature allows one to compensate if cancer necessitates removal of the other.

Larynx (LAIR-inks)

Voice box in the throat, cancer site from smoking causing hoarseness. Scopes check it, with radiation or surgery (laryngectomy) treating. Its speech role means therapy post-treatment, with early cases preserving voice better than advanced.

Lip (lip)

Mouth edge, prone to squamous cell cancer from sun or tobacco. Sores or lumps signal it, with biopsy confirming. Surgery or radiation cures it, with its visible spot aiding early detection in skin-related cancer checks.

Liver (LIV-er)

Large organ detoxing blood, site of hepatocellular carcinoma or metastases. Jaundice or swelling hint at it, with scans diagnosing. Surgery or ablation treats local tumors; its blood-filtering role makes it a common spread target from other cancers.

Lung (lung)

Breathing organs, major site of NSCLC and SCLC from smoking. Cough or chest pain signal it, with CT scans checking. Surgery, chemo, or radiation treat it, with its air-exchange role tying it to widespread cancer mortality.

Lymph Node (LIMFF nohd)

Small immune filters in the neck, armpits, etc., where lymphoma starts or cancer spreads. Swelling or lumps prompt biopsy, with removal staging disease. Their network aids immune response but also cancer travel, key in prognosis.

Mammary Gland (MAM-uh-ree gland)

Breast tissue making milk, synonymous with breast cancer in cancer terms. Lumps or discharge signal cancer, with mammograms detecting. Surgery or drugs treat it, with its hormone-driven nature guiding therapies like hormone blockers in women.

Mediastinum (MEE-dee-as-TY-num)

Chest area between lungs, site of thymomas or lymphoma. Pain or breathing issues hint at it, with scans checking. Surgery or radiation treat tumors, with its central spot near heart and lungs complicating cancer care.

Meninges (meh-NIN-jeez)

Brain and spine coverings, rare site of meningioma (mostly benign) or metastasis. Headaches or weakness signal it, with MRI diagnosing. Surgery removes tumors, with their protective role making cancer here tricky to treat without nerve damage.

Mouth (mowth)

Oral cavity (lips, tongue), site of squamous cancer from tobacco. Sores or pain prompt checks, with surgery or radiation treatment. Its eating/speech roles need rehab post-therapy, with early cases curable via local excision.

Nasal Cavity (NAY-zul KAV-ih-tee)

Nose’s inner space, part of head-neck cancers from smoking or dust. Congestion or bleeding signal it, with scopes diagnosing. Radiation or surgery treat it, with its breathing role preserved where possible in cancer care.

Nasopharynx (NAY-zoh-FAIR-inks)

Upper throat behind nose, linked to EBV in cancer (nasopharyngeal carcinoma). Ear pain or lumps appear, with scans checking. Radiation is key, with its hidden spot delaying detection, common in certain regions like Asia.

Omentum (oh-MEN-tum)

Fatty apron over abdomen, a spread site for ovarian or colon cancer. Bloating or pain signal it, with surgery removing it (omentectomy). Its role in immunity ties it to peritoneal cancer spread, needing aggressive debulking.

Oropharynx (OR-oh-FAIR-inks)

Middle throat (tonsils, tongue base), site of HPV-related cancers. Sore throat or lumps signal it, with scopes diagnosing. Radiation or surgery treat it, with its swallowing role needing therapy post-treatment, increasingly common in younger adults.

Ovary (OH-vuh-ree)

Female glands making eggs, site of ovarian cancer often silent till late. Bloating or pain prompt scans, with surgery and chemo treatment. Their hormone role links to BRCA risks, with removal (oophorectomy) preventive in high-risk cases.

Pancreas (PAN-kree-us)

Digestive and sugar-regulating organ, site of deadly pancreatic cancer. Jaundice or weight loss signal it, with scans diagnosing. Surgery (Whipple) is rare; its deep spot delays detection, making it a tough cancer to treat early.

Parotid Gland (puh-ROT-id gland)

Salivary gland near ear, site of rare cancers (adenocarcinoma). Lumps or facial weakness signal it, with surgery removing it. Its saliva role means minimal function loss, with radiation aiding if cancer spreads beyond the gland.

Penis (PEE-nis)

Male organ, rare site of squamous cancer from HPV. Sores or lumps appear, with biopsy confirming. Surgery (penectomy) treats it, with its external spot aiding early catch, preventable via circumcision or HPV vaccination.

Peritoneum (PAIR-ih-toh-NEE-um)

Abdomen lining, site of mesothelioma or cancer spread (peritoneal carcinomatosis). Bloating or pain signal it, with surgery or chemo treatment. Its wide surface aids fluid spread, needing heated chemo (HIPEC) in advanced cases.

Pharynx (FAIR-inks)

Throat (naso-, oro-, hypo-), part of head-neck cancers from smoking or HPV. Swallowing pain or lumps signal it, with radiation or surgery treating. Its airway/food path needs care post-therapy, with subtypes guiding specific approaches.

Pituitary Gland (pih-TOO-ih-tair-ee gland)

Brain base gland controlling hormones, site of rare cancers or benign tumors. Vision loss or hormone shifts signal it, with surgery (transsphenoidal) treating. Its small size hides early growth, needing scans for detection.

Pleura (PLOOR-uh)

Lung lining, site of mesothelioma from asbestos. Chest pain or fluid buildup signal it, with biopsy confirming. Surgery or chemo ease symptoms, with its breathing role tying it to occupational cancer risks and legal claims.

Prostate (PROS-tayt)

Male gland below bladder, common cancer site in older men. Urinary issues or PSA rise detect it, with surgery or radiation treatment. Its slow growth allows watchful waiting, with hormone therapy for spread, key in aging men’s health.

Rectum (REK-tum)

Colon’s end, part of colorectal cancer from polyps. Blood in stool or pain signal it, with colonoscopy diagnosing. Surgery or radiation treat it, with its exit role sometimes needing colostomy, caught early via screening.

Salivary Gland (SAL-ih-vair-ee gland)

Mouth glands (parotid, submandibular), site of rare cancers. Lumps or dry mouth signal it, with surgery removing them. Their saliva role means minimal loss, with radiation if cancer invades nearby nerves or tissues.

Skin (skin)

Body’s outer layer, site of melanoma or basal/squamous cancers from sun. Moles or sores prompt checks, with surgery curing most. Its visibility aids early detection, with immunotherapy for melanoma spread, key in UV-related cancer.

Small Intestine (smawl in-TES-tin)

Digestive tube, rare cancer site (adenocarcinoma). Pain or bleeding signal it, with surgery removing sections. Its length hides tumors, spreading to lymph nodes needing chemo, less common than colon but tricky to diagnose.

Spinal Cord (SPY-nul kord)

Nerve column in spine, site of rare cancers or metastases. Weakness or pain signal it, with MRI diagnosing. Surgery or radiation treats it, with its nerve role making precision vital to avoid paralysis in cancer care.

Spleen (spleen)

Immune organ in abdomen, rare cancer site but involved in lymphoma. Pain or fullness signal it, with surgery (splenectomy) treating. Its blood-filtering role aids lymphoma spread, with removal safe due to other organs compensating.

Stomach (STUM-uk)

Digestive sac, site of gastric cancer from H. pylori. Heartburn or weight loss signal it, with endoscopy diagnosing. Surgery or chemo treat it, with its food role tying it to diet-related risks, needing early catch for cure.

Testis (TES-tis)

Male glands making sperm, site of testicular cancer in young men. Lumps or swelling signal it, with surgery (orchiectomy) curing most. Its external spot aids early detection, with chemo for spread, highly treatable even later.

Thymus (THY-mus)

Chest gland aiding immunity, site of thymomas or rare cancers. Cough or chest pain signal it, with surgery removing it. Its T-cell role links to autoimmune issues, with radiation if cancer invades nearby structures.

Uterus (YOO-ter-us)

Womb, site of endometrial cancer or sarcoma from hormones. Bleeding post-menopause signals it, with hysterectomy curing early cases. Its reproductive role ties to estrogen risks, with chemo for rare sarcomas, key in women’s cancer.

Cancer Drugs Terms Abiraterone (uh-BIH-rah-teh-rohn)

A drug blocking androgen production, used in advanced prostate cancer to slow growth fueled by testosterone. Taken as a pill with prednisone, it targets adrenal and tumor hormone sources, extending survival. Side effects like fatigue or high blood pressure need monitoring, with liver tests ensuring safety during long-term use.

Adriamycin (AD-ree-uh-MY-sin)

Brand name for doxorubicin, a chemo drug for breast cancer, lymphoma, and more. It stops cancer cell DNA replication, given by IV, but can cause heart damage or hair loss. Red in color, it’s dosed carefully, with anti-nausea meds and heart checks managing its potent effects.

Afatinib (uh-FAH-tih-nib)

A targeted therapy for lung cancer with EGFR mutations, taken as a pill. It blocks signals telling cancer cells to grow, shrinking tumors with less toxicity than chemo. Rash or diarrhea are common, with dose adjustments and skin care helping patients stay on this oral treatment.

Alpelisib (al-PEH-lih-sib)

A PI3K inhibitor for breast cancer with PIK3CA mutations, used with hormone therapy. It targets a protein driving tumor growth, taken daily as a pill. Low blood sugar or rash can occur, with glucose checks and dermatology support keeping it tolerable for advanced cases.

Asparaginase (as-PAIR-uh-jin-ays)

A chemo drug for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), breaking down asparagine, a nutrient cancer cells need. Given by injection, it starves leukemia cells, with allergic reactions or clotting risks possible. Monitoring and steroids manage side effects in kids and adults on this regimen.

Bevacizumab (beh-vuh-SIZ-yoo-mab)

An angiogenesis inhibitor for colorectal, lung, and kidney cancers, given IV. It stops tumors from growing new blood vessels, starving them, but can raise blood pressure or cause bleeding. Regular checks and dose timing help, with its combo use (e.g., with chemo) boosting effectiveness.

Bicalutamide (bye-kuh-LOO-tuh-mide)

An anti-androgen pill for prostate cancer, blocking testosterone’s effect on tumors. Used with other hormone therapies, it slows growth in metastatic cases, with hot flashes or liver changes as risks. Blood tests track liver health, making it a staple in long-term prostate management.

Bleomycin (blee-oh-MY-sin)

A chemo drug for Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, injected to damage cancer cell DNA. It’s less likely to cause marrow suppression but can harm lungs, with cough or shortness of breath needing quick attention. Oxygen use is limited during treatment to protect lung function.

Bortezomib (bor-TEZ-oh-mib)

A proteasome inhibitor for multiple myeloma, given by injection. It disrupts cancer cell protein breakdown, killing them, with nerve pain or low platelets as side effects. Neuropathy meds and dose tweaks help, with its role in combo therapies improving survival in this blood cancer.

Capecitabine (kap-eh-SY-tuh-been)

An oral chemo for breast and colorectal cancer, turning into 5-FU in the body. It targets dividing cells, taken twice daily, with hand-foot syndrome (red, sore palms) or diarrhea common. Creams and breaks from dosing ease symptoms, offering a chemo pill option.

Carboplatin (KAR-boh-plat-in)

A platinum-based chemo for ovarian and lung cancers, given IV to break cancer DNA. It’s less toxic to kidneys than cisplatin, with nausea or low blood counts manageable via antiemetics and transfusions. Dosed by body size, it’s a backbone in many cancer regimens.

Cetuximab (seh-TUK-sih-mab)

A monoclonal antibody for colorectal and head-neck cancers with EGFR overexpression, given IV. It blocks growth signals, shrinking tumors, with acne-like rash as a key side effect—often a sign it’s working. Skin care and infusion reactions are managed for effective use.

Cisplatin (sis-PLAT-in)

A potent chemo for testicular, lung cancers, injected to damage DNA in fast-growing cells. It’s effective but causes kidney issues, hearing loss, or severe nausea, countered with hydration and anti-nausea drugs. Its broad use reflects its power despite toxic challenges.

Cyclophosphamide (sy-kloh-FOS-fuh-mide)

A chemo drug for lymphoma, breast cancer, given IV or pill form. It alkylates DNA, stopping cell division, with bladder irritation (hemorrhagic cystitis) or hair loss as risks. Fluids and mesna protect the bladder, making it a versatile, long-used agent.

Dacarbazine (duh-KAR-buh-zeen)

A chemo for melanoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, given IV to alkylate DNA. It’s less common now but useful in combos, with nausea or low counts frequent. Antiemetics and blood monitoring help, with its role fading as targeted therapies rise for melanoma.

Daratumumab (dar-uh-TOO-muh-mab)

A monoclonal antibody for multiple myeloma, IV-infused to target CD38 on cancer cells. It boosts immune attack, with infusion reactions or infections as risks. Steroids premedicate infusions, with its combo use (e.g., with bortezomib) extending survival in relapsed cases.

Docetaxel (doh-seh-TAK-sul)

A taxane chemo for breast, prostate cancers, IV-given to block cell division. It’s potent, with fluid retention or neuropathy possible, managed by steroids and dose adjustments. Its broad efficacy makes it a go-to after initial treatments fail in advanced disease.

Doxorubicin (dok-suh-ROO-bih-sin)

A red-colored chemo for leukemia, breast cancer, IV-dosed to halt DNA replication. Heart toxicity limits its lifetime dose, with hair loss or nausea also common. Heart scans and antiemetics support its use, a cornerstone in aggressive cancer regimens.

Enzalutamide (en-zuh-LOO-tuh-mide)

An androgen receptor blocker for prostate cancer, taken as a pill. It stops testosterone signaling, slowing metastatic growth, with fatigue or seizures as rare risks. It’s a key oral option after other hormone therapies fail, with regular PSA checks tracking response.

Etoposide (eh-TOH-poh-side)

A chemo for lung, testicular cancers, IV or oral, targeting DNA replication enzymes. It’s effective in combos, with low blood counts or hair loss frequent. Blood support and scheduling (e.g., with cisplatin) manage its role in small cell lung cancer protocols.

Everolimus (eh-ver-OH-lih-mus)

An mTOR inhibitor for kidney, breast cancers, taken as a pill. It slows cell growth signals, with mouth sores or high sugar as side effects. Mouth rinses and glucose control help, with its targeted action aiding patients after other drugs stop working.

Fluorouracil (5-FU) (floor-oh-YOOR-uh-sil)

Chemo for colon, breast cancers, IV or topical, blocking DNA synthesis. Hand-foot syndrome or diarrhea occurs, with creams and dose breaks easing them. It’s a classic drug, often paired with leucovorin to boost effect in colorectal regimens.

Gefitinib (geh-FIH-tih-nib)

A targeted pill for lung cancer with EGFR mutations, blocking growth signals. It’s less harsh than chemo, with rash or liver changes common, managed by skin care and tests. It marked an early win in precision medicine for non-small cell lung cancer.

Gemcitabine (jem-SY-tuh-been)

Chemo for pancreatic and lung cancers, IV-dosed to stop DNA repair in cancer cells. It’s well-tolerated, with flu-like symptoms or low counts possible, eased by rest and transfusions. Its broad use reflects efficacy in tough cancers like pancreatic.

Ibrutinib (eye-BROO-tih-nib)

A BTK inhibitor pill for lymphoma, leukemia (e.g., CLL), targeting B-cell signals. It’s taken daily, with bleeding or infections as risks, managed by dose holds or antibiotics. Its oral ease and durability make it a game-changer in chronic blood cancers.

Ifosfamide (eye-FOS-fuh-mide)

A chemo for sarcoma, testicular cancer, IV-given to alkylate DNA. It risks bladder damage (like cyclophosphamide), with mesna and fluids preventing cystitis. Nausea or confusion also occur, with supportive care ensuring its use in aggressive regimens.

Imatinib (ih-MAT-ih-nib)

A targeted pill for CML, GIST, blocking tyrosine kinases (e.g., BCR-ABL). It turned CML into a manageable disease, with swelling or muscle cramps common, eased by dose tweaks. Daily use and blood counts keep it effective long-term.

Irinotecan (ih-rih-noh-TEE-kan)

A chemo for colorectal cancer, IV-dosed to block DNA unwinding. Diarrhea (early or late) is a key side effect, with loperamide or atropine helping. It’s often paired with 5-FU (FOLFIRI), shrinking tumors in metastatic cases despite its potency.

Lapatinib (luh-PAH-tih-nib)

A targeted pill for HER2-positive breast cancer, blocking growth signals. Used with chemo or hormone drugs, it causes diarrhea or rash, managed by hydration and skin care. It’s a second-line option when trastuzumab fails, aiding advanced disease control.

Lenalidomide (leh-nuh-LIH-doh-mide)

An immunomodulatory pill for multiple myeloma, boosting immunity and killing cancer cells. Low counts or blood clots occur, with aspirin and monitoring preventing issues. Its combo use (e.g., with dexamethasone) extends survival in this bone marrow cancer.

Letrozole (LEH-truh-zohl)

An aromatase inhibitor pill for postmenopausal breast cancer, cutting estrogen production. It slows hormone-driven tumors, with joint pain or bone loss as risks, countered by supplements. Taken daily, it’s a standard after surgery to prevent recurrence.

Lomustine (loh-MUS-teen)

An oral chemo for brain tumors (glioma), crossing the blood-brain barrier to alkylate DNA. It’s taken every 6 weeks, with low counts or nausea frequent, managed by blood support. Its brain penetration makes it key when other drugs can’t reach tumors.

Methotrexate (meth-oh-TREK-sayt)

A chemo for leukemia, breast cancer, given IV or spinal injection. It blocks folate, stopping cell division, with mouth sores or liver issues as risks. Leucovorin rescues and hydrates counter toxicity, with its versatility spanning cancer and autoimmune diseases.

Mitoxantrone (my-toh-ZAN-trohn)

A chemo for prostate cancer, leukemia, IV-dosed to disrupt DNA. It’s less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin, with blue urine or low counts as quirks, managed by monitoring. Its role has shrunk with newer drugs but persists in resistant cases.

Nivolumab (nye-VOL-yoo-mab)

Immunotherapy IV for melanoma, lung cancer, blocking PD-1 to unleash immune attack. It’s durable, with fatigue or immune reactions (e.g., colitis) possible, treated with steroids. Its checkpoint inhibition revolutionized care for advanced, unresponsive cancers.

Oxaliplatin (ok-SAL-ih-plat-in)

A platinum chemo for colorectal cancer, IV-given to damage DNA. Cold sensitivity or neuropathy occur, with gloves and dose limits helping. It’s a FOLFIRI/FOLFOX staple, shrinking tumors in metastatic disease, balanced by nerve care.

Paclitaxel (pak-lih-TAK-sul)

A taxane chemo for breast, ovarian cancers, IV-dosed to stop cell division. Hair loss or nerve pain are common, with premeds (steroids) cutting reactions. Its plant-derived power makes it a frontline drug, with weekly or triweekly schedules.

Pembrolizumab (pem-broh-LIH-zoo-mab)

PD-1 inhibitor IV for lung cancer, melanoma, boosting immune response. It’s given every few weeks, with thyroid issues or rash as risks, managed by hormone meds or creams. Its broad approval reflects the success in immunotherapy’s rise.

Pemetrexed (peh-meh-TREK-sed)

A chemo for lung cancer, mesothelioma, IV-dosed to block folate pathways. Low counts or fatigue occur, with vitamins (B12, folic acid) reducing toxicity. It’s a standard with cisplatin for mesothelioma, improving survival in these tough cancers.

Rituximab (rih-TUK-sih-mab)

A monoclonal antibody for non-Hodgkin lymphoma, IV targeting CD20 on B-cells. It triggers immune killing, with chills or infections possible, premedicated with antihistamines. Its combo use (e.g., CHOP) transformed lymphoma into a treatable disease.

Sorafenib (soh-RAF-eh-nib)

A targeted pill for liver, kidney cancers, blocking kinases for growth and blood vessels. Hand-foot syndrome or high blood pressure occurs, with creams and meds helping. It’s a pioneer in oral targeted therapy, extending life in advanced cases.

Sunitinib (soo-NIH-tih-nib)

A multi-kinase inhibitor pill for kidney cancer, GIST, cutting tumor blood supply. Fatigue or yellow skin are side effects, with rest and dose breaks aiding. Taken daily, it’s a key option after surgery fails in metastatic renal cancer.

Tamoxifen (tuh-MOK-sih-fen)

A hormone pill for breast cancer, blocking estrogen receptors. It prevents recurrence in hormone-positive cases, with hot flashes or clot risk manageable by hydration or aspirin. Taken 5–10 years, it’s a cornerstone in early and preventive care.

Temozolomide (teh-moh-ZOH-loh-mide)

An oral chemo for brain tumors (glioblastoma), crossing into the brain to alkylate DNA. Nausea or low counts occur, with antiemetics and blood support helping. Taken with radiation, it extends survival in this aggressive cancer, dosed in cycles.

Topotecan (toh-poh-TEE-kan))

Chemo for ovarian, lung cancers, IV or oral, blocking DNA unwinding. Low counts or diarrhea are risks, with transfusions or loperamide aiding. It’s a second-line drug, offering hope when initial treatments fail in these persistent cancers.

Trastuzumab (tras-TOO-zoo-mab)

A monoclonal antibody IV for HER2-positive breast cancer, targeting growth signals. Heart function drops or infusion reactions occur, with cardiac scans and premeds managing. Its combo with chemo revolutionized outcomes in this aggressive subtype.

Vemurafenib (veh-muh-RAF-eh-nib)

A targeted pill for melanoma with BRAF mutations, blocking growth pathways. Rash or joint pain are common, with sun protection and pain meds helping. It’s a precision drug, shrinking tumors fast in mutation-positive cases, monitored by skin checks.

Vinblastine (vin-BLAS-teen)

A chemo for Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, IV-dosed to halt cell division. Constipation or nerve pain occurs, with laxatives and neuropathy care aiding. From the periwinkle plant, it’s a classic drug in combo regimens like ABVD.

Vincristine (vin-KRIS-teen)

A chemo for leukemia, lymphoma, IV-given to stop cell division. Nerve damage (e.g., foot drop) or constipation are risks, with physical therapy and stool softeners helping. It’s a pediatric staple, dosed carefully to avoid toxicity in young patients.

Voriconazole (vor-ih-KON-uh-zohl)

An antifungal pill used in cancer patients (e.g., leukemia) to prevent infections during low-immunity phases. Vision changes or liver issues occur, with eye rest and tests managing. It’s not a cancer drug but critical in supportive care for chemo patients.

Cancer Genetics Terms

Allele (uh-LEEL)

A version of a gene (e.g., normal vs. mutated) inherited from each parent. In cancer, mutated alleles (e.g., BRCA1) raise risk if they disrupt cell control. Genetic tests spot them, guiding prevention or early screening in families with cancer history.

BRAF Gene (BEE-raf jeen)

A gene controlling cell growth; mutations (e.g., V600E) drive melanoma, thyroid cancer. Tests spot it, with drugs like vemurafenib blocking its signal. Its role in pathways like MAPK makes it a precision medicine star, tailoring therapy to mutation status.

BRCA1 (BEE-ahr-see-ay wun)

A tumor suppressor gene; mutations raise breast and ovarian cancer risk by failing DNA repair. Women with it may choose mastectomy or ovary removal, with testing guiding family planning. Its discovery reshaped hereditary cancer prevention and treatment.

BRCA2 (BEE-ahr-see-ay too)

Like BRCA1, it repairs DNA; mutations link to breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers. Carriers face high lifetime risks, with PARP inhibitors (e.g., olaparib) targeting these tumors. Genetic counseling helps families, with screening or surgery reducing odds.

Chromosome (KROH-muh-sohm)

DNA packages in cells; cancer often shows extra, missing, or broken ones (e.g., Philadelphia chromosome in CML). Karyotyping spots them, with drugs like imatinib fixing specific errors. They’re cancer’s structural clues, revealing instability driving tumors.

Copy Number Variation (CNV) (KAH-pee NUM-ber vair-ee-AY-shun)

Changes in gene copy numbers (e.g., more HER2); amplification fuels cancer growth. Tests like CGH detect it, guiding targeted therapies. CNVs show how tumors gain advantages, with drugs countering their overactive genes in personalized plans.

Deletion (dih-LEE-shun)

Loss of DNA (e.g., RB1 in retinoblastoma), removing tumor suppressor function. It’s found by sequencing, with missing brakes causing uncontrolled growth. Therapies aim to bypass it, while genetic tests spot risks in kids or families with this error.

DNA Repair (DEE-en-ay ree-PAIR)

Cell process fixing DNA damage; defects (e.g., BRCA mutations) lead to cancer. Tumors with poor repair respond to PARP inhibitors, exploiting this weakness. It’s a key pathway, with tests revealing why some cancers form or resist chemo.

Epigenetics (ep-ih-jeh-NET-iks)

Chemical changes (e.g., methylation) altering gene activity without DNA sequence shifts. In cancer, it silences suppressors (e.g., MLH1), detected by epigenetic profiling. Drugs like azacitidine reverse it, reactivating genes to slow tumor growth in research.

Fusion Gene (FYOO-zhun jeen)

Two genes joined abnormally (e.g., BCR-ABL in CML), creating cancer-driving proteins. PCR tests find them, with drugs like imatinib targeting the result. They’re hallmarks of blood cancers, showing how chromosome breaks spark disease.

Gene (jeen)

DNA segments coding proteins; mutated genes (e.g., KRAS) cause cancer by disrupting control. Sequencing spots them, with therapies hitting specific changes. They’re the blueprint, with cancer hijacking them, making genetics central to modern oncology.

Gene Expression (jeen ek-SPREH-shun)

How genes turn on/off; cancer alters it (e.g., high HER2), driving growth. Microarrays measure it, with drugs blocking overexpressed targets. It shows a tumor’s behavior, guiding prognosis and therapy beyond just mutations.

Genetic Counseling (jeh-NET-ik KOWN-suh-ling)

Expert guidance for inherited cancer risk (e.g., BRCA carriers), explaining test results. It helps decide on screening, surgery, or family planning, reducing anxiety. It’s vital as genetics grows, ensuring patients understand complex risks and options.

Genotype (JEE-noh-type)

An individual’s gene set; in cancer, it includes mutations (e.g., EGFR) shaping treatment. Testing reveals it, with targeted drugs matching specific profiles. It’s the genetic ID, personalizing care by showing what drives a patient’s tumor.

Germline Mutation (JERM-line myoo-TAY-shun)

Inherited DNA changes (e.g., BRCA1) passed to kids, raising cancer risk. Blood tests find them, with prevention (e.g., mastectomy) cutting odds. Unlike tumor-only mutations, they affect families, needing screening across generations.

Hereditary (huh-RED-ih-tair-ee)

Passed via genes (e.g., Lynch syndrome); it accounts for 5–10% of cancers. Family history triggers testing, with colonoscopies or surgery preventing tumors. It’s a lifelong risk factor, with genetic insights guiding proactive care.

Heterozygous (HET-er-oh-ZY-gus)

Having one mutated gene copy (e.g., BRCA1); cancer risk rises if the second fails. Tests confirm it, with screening or surgery options. It’s a partial risk state, needing monitoring as tumors often need both copies altered.

Homozygous (HOH-moh-ZY-gus)

Two identical gene copies (e.g., both mutated); rare in cancer but severe (e.g., RB1 loss). It’s detected early, often in kids, with aggressive tumors. Therapy targets downstream effects, as both brakes are gone, driving rapid growth.

Insertion (in-SER-shun)

Extra DNA added (e.g., in EGFR), disrupting gene function in cancer. Sequencing spots it, with targeted drugs countering the glitch. It’s a mutation type, scrambling proteins to fuel tumors, less common than deletions but impactful.

KRAS Gene (KAY-ras jeen)

A growth signal gene; mutations (e.g., in colon cancer) resist many drugs. Tests guide therapy, with new inhibitors (e.g., sotorasib) emerging. Its frequent alteration makes it a tough target, shaping prognosis in lung, colon cases.

Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) (loss of HET-er-oh-zy-GOS-ih-tee)

Losing one gene copy (e.g., TP53), leaving a mutated one active in cancer. It’s seen in tumors, with tests tracking it. This “second hit” disables suppressors, a key step in tumor growth, influencing drug response.

Lynch Syndrome (linch SIN-drohm)

Inherited mutations (e.g., MLH1) raising colon, uterine cancer risk. Colonoscopies prevent it, with genetic tests confirming. It’s a mismatch repair defect, causing microsatellite instability, with families needing lifelong screening.

Methylation (meth-ih-LAY-shun)

Chemical tags silencing genes (e.g., tumor suppressors) in cancer. Profiling detects it, with drugs like decitabine reversing it. It’s epigenetic, not a mutation, showing how environment tweaks DNA, a growing therapy target.

Microsatellite Instability (MSI) (MY-kroh-SAT-uh-lite in-stuh-BIL-ih-tee)

DNA repair errors (e.g., Lynch syndrome) causing unstable repeats in cancer. Tests spot it, with immunotherapy (e.g., pembrolizumab) working well. It’s a marker in colon cancer, predicting response to immune drugs over chemo.

Mismatch Repair (MMR) (MIS-match ree-PAIR)

Fixes DNA copying errors; defects (e.g., MSH2) lead to Lynch syndrome cancers. Testing MMR genes guides screening, with MSI as a sign. It’s a safeguard, with failures piling up mutations, treatable by exploiting immune response.

Mutation (myoo-TAY-shun)

DNA change (e.g., TP53); in cancer, it drives growth or blocks repair. Sequencing finds it, with drugs targeting specific shifts. It’s the core of tumor biology, with inherited or acquired forms shaping risk and therapy.

Oncogene (ON-koh-jeen)

A gene (e.g., RAS) that, when mutated, turns cells cancerous by overdriving growth. Tests identify it, with inhibitors blocking its path. It’s a gas pedal, with cancer revving it up, a prime target in precision oncology.

P53 Gene (PEE-fif-tee-three jeen)

A tumor suppressor (TP53); mutations in most cancers disable its “guardian” role. Sequencing spots it, with research aiming to restore it. It’s the most altered gene, with loss unleashing tumors, a prognosis marker.

Penetrance (PEN-ih-truns)

Chance a gene mutation (e.g., BRCA1) causes cancer; high penetrance means high risk. Counseling explains it, with screening adjusting to odds. It’s why some carriers get cancer and others don’t, refining risk estimates.

Pharmacogenomics (FAR-muh-koh-jeh-NOH-miks)

How genes affect drug response (e.g., TPMT and chemo toxicity). Tests predict it, tailoring doses (e.g., less 6-MP in low TPMT). It’s precision medicine’s edge, cutting side effects and boosting efficacy in cancer care.

Point Mutation (poynt myoo-TAY-shun)

Single DNA letter change (e.g., BRAF V600E), flipping a gene’s switch in cancer. Sequencing catches it, with drugs hitting the glitch. It’s a tiny tweak with big impact, driving tumors like melanoma, treatable with precision.

Polymorphism (pah-lee-MOR-fiz-um)

Common DNA variants; some (e.g., CYP genes) subtly raise cancer risk or drug response. Tests explore it, with low impact versus mutations. It’s a population clue, not a driver, refining risk in large studies.

Promoter (proh-MOH-ter)

DNA region starting gene activity; hypermethylation silences suppressors in cancer. Profiling finds it, with drugs reactivating genes. It’s an epigenetic lock, with tumors exploiting it, a reversible target in emerging therapies.

Proto-Oncogene (PROH-toh-ON-koh-jeen)

Normal growth gene (e.g., MYC); mutations turn it into an oncogene. Tests track its shift, with inhibitors in trials. It’s a latent threat, with cancer flipping it on, a step from healthy to rogue cells.

RB1 Gene (AHR-bee-wun jeen)

A tumor suppressor; mutations cause retinoblastoma, eye cancer in kids. Testing spots it, with eye removal or radiation treating. Its loss removes a brake, with kids inheriting it needing early scans to save vision.

Recessive (rih-SES-iv)

Needing both gene copies mutated (e.g., RB1) for cancer; rare in adults. Tests confirm it, with kids at risk. It’s a double-hit model, with tumors emerging when both brakes fail, seen in hereditary cases.

Somatic Mutation (soh-MAT-ik myoo-TAY-shun)

DNA changes in tumors, not inherited (e.g., KRAS in lung cancer). Biopsies find them, with drugs targeting results. It’s tumor-specific, driving growth without family risk, key to matching therapies to cancer’s profile.

Telomere (TEL-oh-meer)

DNA ends protecting chromosomes; cancer cells lengthen them (via telomerase) to divide endlessly. Tests measure it, with inhibitors in trials. It’s an immortality trick, with tumors dodging normal aging, a future therapy angle.

Translocation (tranz-loh-KAY-shun)

Chromosome pieces swapping (e.g., t(9;22) in CML), forming fusion genes. Cytogenetics spot it, with imatinib treating. It’s a blood cancer hallmark, rewiring genes to drive growth, with targeted drugs reversing its effects.

Tumor Suppressor Gene (TOO-mer suh-PRESS-er jeen)

Genes (e.g., P53) stopping cell growth; mutations remove brakes in cancer. Sequencing finds them, with research restoring function. They’re guardians, with loss a common tumor step, shaping prognosis and therapy hopes.

Variant (VAIR-ee-unt)

Any DNA difference; some (e.g., BRCA variants) raise cancer risk. Tests classify them (benign to pathogenic), guiding care. It’s a broad term, with impact varying, critical in genetic reports for patients and doctors.

Wild Type (wyled type)

Normal gene version (e.g., non-mutated KRAS); cancer often alters it. Tests compare it to mutants, with wild-type tumors resisting some drugs. It’s the baseline, showing what’s lost or gained in cancer’s genetic shift.